Recycled Wastewater Vital for Ecosystem Recovery
The endangered Gila topminnow, which returned to the Santa Cruz River after a 10 year absence, now appears to be thriving. The native Arizona species, listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1967, was found last year in the Santa Cruz River near Nogales, Arizona for the first time since 2005. Annual surveys conducted in November confirm that Gila topminnow remain in the river and have likely increased in number.
“At one site I saw a small pool with over two hundred topminnow. We are thrilled to be finding them this numerous since this is a good indicator that their return last year was not a brief blip on the radar,” says Doug Duncan, fish biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Surface flows along most of the Santa Cruz River originate from effluent (highly treated wastewater), and have in recent decades been so polluted that no fish of any kind were found for several years. Massive upgrades to the Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant beginning in 2009 resulted in the elimination of odor, reduced levels of toxicity for fish, and a breakdown of a clogging layer of algae and microorganisms that kept water from infiltrating into the groundwater table. University of Arizona scientists found that this clogging layer was largely responsible for an eight mile die-off of trees along the Santa Cruz River near Rio Rico in 2005.
After the treatment plant upgrades were completed, scientists and local residents eagerly awaited the fish’s return as the water quality in the river began improving. Scientists believe that cleaner water led to the fish’s return. Survey methods do not estimate population numbers, but the ease with which the Gila topminnow were found this year suggests that they are doing very well.
The implications of the endangered topminnow discovery extend far beyond Santa Cruz County, and even beyond Arizona. Many southwestern rivers and streams depend on effluent for continued flows. As water becomes ever scarcer in the desert southwest, the value of returning wastewater to the ecosystem will only increase.
“Often communities discharge effluent into rivers out of convenience and not with intent to benefit the environment,” says Claire Zugmeyer, ecologist at the Tucson based nonprofit Sonoran Institute, and long-time coordinator of the annual fish survey. “We are now seeing that highly treated wastewater is a vital component to maintaining this region’s living river. With the release of effluent into the Santa Cruz and other rivers, we can create rich oases for both people and wildlife while simultaneously benefiting from functions provided by a healthy river, such as flood control, recharge, and cooling riparian vegetation.”
“We are ecstatic to know the Gila topminnow appear to be thriving again,” says Sherry Sass of the Friends of the Santa Cruz River, an all-volunteer organization at the forefront of river health advocacy. “We have been tracking water quality and river conditions since the early-1990s. The return of this sensitive species speaks volumes about the river’s recovery.”
This year’s survey was conducted by Sonoran Institute, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, University of Arizona, National Park Service Tumacácori National Historical Park, National Park Service Sonoran Desert Monitoring Network, and other partners. The partners have been conducting the annual survey since 2008 as a means to track the overall health of the Santa Cruz River. Additional community partners who actively participate in this effort include the Arizona Game and Fish Department, Friends of the Santa Cruz River, United States Geological Survey, and Global Community Communications Schools at Avalon Gardens.
Sonoran Institute
Seth Cothrun, Director of Marketing
520-290-0828 ext. 1110
scothrun@sonoraninstitute.org
US Fish and Wildlife Service
Jeff Humphrey, Public Affairs Specialist
602-242-0210 ext. 222
jeff_humphrey@fws.gov
University of Arizona
Peter Reinthal, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
520-621-7518
pnr@email.arizona.edu
Tumacácori National Historical Park
Aaron Stover, Biologist
520-377-5095
aaron_stover@nps.gov
Arizona Game and Fish Department
Bill Andres, Information Branch Chief
623-236-7223
BAndres@azgfd.gov
Friends of the Santa Cruz River
Sherry Sass, Board Member
520-398-8269
foscriver@gmail.com